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什么是 Windfall Tax 暴利税?


在国际市场能源价格飙升的背景下,欧美各国呼吁对能源企业征收暴利税。请问何为暴利税?

暴利税是指对特定公司或产业突然获得的暴利采用更高的税率征税。暴利税在英语中为Windfall Tax,Windfall是指被风吹落的果子,引申指意外之财,Tax指税收。对意外之财征税,就是暴利税了。

地缘政治造成油价飙升,进而对能源企业征暴利税,这样的情况此前在美国就出现过。上世纪七八十年代,受石油输出国组织实施石油禁运和伊朗伊斯兰革命等因素影响,国际油价大幅走高。在此背景下,美国于1980年颁布了《原油暴利税法》,对油企生产的原油征税,税率在30%到70%不等。不过到上世纪80年代末,随着国际市场油价回落,美国里根政府就取消了这一针对油企的暴利税。此后,每当国际市场油价飙升,美国就有政客提出对油企征暴利税,但均未付诸实践。

今年5月,英国时任首相约翰逊政府宣布向能源企业征收暴利税,税率为25%。事实上,英国政府此前也征收过暴利税,而且对象不限于能源企业。1981年,撒切尔政府曾对银行征收过暴利税;1997年,工党政府对私有化的公用事业公司征收过暴利税。

通常认为,政府征收暴利税有利于调节收入分配,特别是当今西方社会,通胀飙升、人民生活负担加剧,将从能源产业征收的税款用于补贴公私用度,有相当高的民意基础。但也有经济学家指出,征收暴利税会影响企业投资信心,不利于产业长远发展。也有批评人士认为征收暴利税是一种武断行为:既然意外盈利会被额外征税,那么亏损时能否要求政府补贴呢?(汪品植)

来源:环球时报 作者: 编辑:管鹏伟


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