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花式避税?富翁所得税率远低于普通人为什么?


ProPublica援引从美国国税局获得的数千名富人的机密数据称,25位最富有的美国人的身价在2014年到2018年期间总共增加了4010亿美元,但这些人在这五年中总共只缴纳了136亿美元的联邦所得税,“相当于真实税率仅为3.4%”。

白宫报告称,最富有的美国人利用现有税收规则来实现低税率。

中低收入者的大部分所得税来自工资。相比之下,最富有美国人的大部分收入来自投资,如果这些投资持有时间超过一年,税率则低于工资。

工资的最高联邦所得税率为37%,而为获得收益而出售股息和资产(如股票和房屋)的最高税率则为20%。

富人还可以通过不出售资产来逃避对资产增值价值的征税。他们可以通过所谓的“价值递升(step up in basis)”将投资转移给继承人,这意味着继承人就不会为原始所有者累积的收益纳税。

然而报告称,由于“不完美”的数据和方法,报告作者估计的8.2%的税率可能并不完全准确。这一比率可能低至6%,也可能高至12%。该分析也没有考虑遗产税等税收。

白宫两位经济学家的分析表明,全国最富的400个、净资产在21亿美元至1600亿美元之间的家庭,平均每年支付的有效联邦所得税率略高于8%。

报告发现,2010年至2018年,这400个家庭,如果包括其财富价值的上升,总共赚取1.8万亿美元,支付的联邦个人所得税则估计为1490亿美元。

白宫对美国超级富豪和亿万富翁所支付税额的分析远低于其他分析。白宫的税率计算使用了来自国内税收局和美联储消费者财务调查的高收入者的收入、财富和支付的税款数据。


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